17Jul/090
Department of Public Works letter short-sighted, how to develop battery
In the new energy vehicle development strategies, countries and regions all over the world are made in accordance with their own assessment of different options, battery technology related research and development and promotion support to take a different strategy. From the current overall situation, Japan and Europe and the United States focused primarily on lithium batteries and fuel cells, and our country as a result of taking into account the resources and technology maturity, in the newly released policy towards the promotion of nickel-hydrogen batteries Inspiron 6400 battery , Inspiron E1505 battery , GD761 ,KD476 .
Ni-MH battery has become the focus of our policy support at this stage
China's Ministry of Public Works in letter dated June 25 release of "new energy automobile production enterprises and the rules governing market access for their products", according to new energy vehicles, systems and technical maturity of the key assembly, the state and industry standards, as well as improve the degree of industry different degree, to be divided between the initial period, development period, three different technologies mature stage, and give classified management.
In accordance with state regulations, only the initial phase of small-volume production of products laptop battery , dell batteries , and only in approved areas, the scope, duration and under the conditions of the model run, and all products for real-time monitoring of running status; development period to allow for mass production products only in approved areas, the scope, duration and conditions of the sale, use, and at least 20% of the sales of products for real-time monitoring of running status; stage products and products of conventional car "vehicle manufacturers and product announcement" management the same manner as in the sale and use of automotive products with the same routine.
This means that in China, December 31, 2010, equipped with lithium-ion battery hybrid and electric vehicles will be limited to the sale and use of the region, and the use of nickel-metal hydride battery hybrid and electric vehicles in the sale and use of the country.
Experts believe that the reason why countries are now the focus from the development of lithium batteries into nickel-metal hydride batteries, the main reason is that the nickel-metal hydride battery technology is more mature than the lithium batteries dell GK479 , dell FK890 , dell Inspiron 1520 , more abundant mineral resources, the future make it easier for new energy into the car commercial stage.
"Ni-MH - Lithium power - fuel cells," the path of industrialization
In the three commonly used in car batteries, lead-acid batteries as a result of serious environmental pollution, have long been out of the mainstream applications; nickel-metal hydride batteries, although the mainstream of current business, but the key indicators of laboratory data were lower than the lithium batteries, and theoretically There is no room for fundamental; lithium batteries HSTNN-LB31 , hp Pavilion dv2000 , hp Pavilion dv6000 despite the superior performance, but security can not be guaranteed, and the relatively high costs have also hindered their business.
Experts predict that new energy vehicles in the "Ni-MH - Lithium power - fuel cells," the path of the development of industrialization. From the development trend and speed, the short-term performance can be realized only nickel-hydrogen batteries, nickel metal hydride battery technology as the most mature, the next 3 years will remain the mainstream of new energy vehicles, followed by nickel-metal hydride battery technology and lithium iron phosphate , hydrogen fuel cell two-thirds of the world, 5 years and lithium batteries have been gradually replaced by fuel cells.hp laptop battery giant Panasonic and Sanyo also found that the lithium-ion power batteries can not be in 2 to 3 years to replace the nickel-hydrogen batteries, mainly due to lower nickel-hydrogen battery safety, has reached large-scale production. Lithium batteries also need to continue tackling issues such as security, so it still takes time to commercialize.
According to Fuji economic analysis, Ni-MH battery will be the mainstream in 2011 may be continued, but after 2011 will gradually be eroded lithium batteries nickel metal hydride battery market share, the agency estimated in 2009 Ni-MH rechargeable car battery with a global market size will grow 23.7 percent over the previous year, reaching ¥ 92,000,000,000, but the car in 2015 with Ni-MH rechargeable battery market size will be reduced to ¥ 55,000,000,000.
Market demand for nickel-hydrogen batteries 434674 001 , EX942AA , Pavilion dv9000rapid growth brought about by 2-3 years
Nickel-hydrogen battery technology and the industrial chain in the mature decision to be a certain period of time with its lithium-ion battery co-existence, lithium iron phosphate cathode material for lithium-ion battery makes the emergence of performance and cost advantages have been achieved, but the stability of mass production inadequate capacity and lack of practical testing of new energy sources are still some manufacturers discourage car; In contrast, the nickel-hydrogen battery has gone through many years of actual combat, technical and industrial chain are quite perfect, in a short period of time can be formed on the vehicle supporting the capacity of the stability and thus can still be a certain period of time in the new energy vehicle widely used.
According to industry estimates, nickel hydrogen battery market is still expected to get 2-3 years growth in the next 2-3 years, "10 City 1000" program, the progressive hybrid vehicle popularity, export factors such as the overseas market for nickel hydrogen battery market brought about by strong growth in demand, and when the nickel-metal hydride batteries and lithium batteries is still a time when can't be inextricably involved, nickel hydrogen batteries will also usher in a short period of rapid growth.
Among them, China has carried out "10 City 1000" project will bring the first batch of nickel-hydrogen battery market demand. It is estimated that in "10 City 1000" project will be about 3200-4000 units of new energy vehicles (including buses and passenger cars) made use of nickel-hydrogen batteries, bringing the total in three years is about 3.5-4.4 million kilowatt-hour nickel hydrogen battery needs.
Taken together, both domestic and export demand weakened, the post-2012 nickel hydrogen batteries will gradually be replaced by lithium batteries Toshiba PA3465U-1BRS , Toshiba PA3476U-1BRS , Toshiba PA3478U-1BRS .
Keep up the pace of R & D policy
In China's automotive battery production enterprises, with a nickel-hydrogen battery production capacity of the majority of enterprises, including Chunlan Group, Section power far in the torch high, Hunan Shenzhou, Kane shares, etc., which is Chunlan Group HEV Ni-MH a leader in battery technology, the market share leader in high-tech and Hunan Shenzhou torch also has a certain amount of technical base and market position.
As for Li-ion battery, most domestic manufacturers do not have the ability to mass production, but has been associated in the implementation of production planning, which is expected later in 2010 to volume production.
Experts believe that technological advances, China's vehicle prices and related businesses in addition to promote cell Ni-MH battery industry, the Government should look to more long-term investment of human and material resources to carry out research and development driving force for lithium batteries IBM FRU 92P1139 , IBM ThinkPad R6 and fuel cells to maintain technical follow-up for the occupation of a broader market of new energy to prepare.
Lithium-ion battery in 2-3 years, even though difficult to replace the nickel-hydrogen batteries, however, should not be overlooked is the future of lithium batteries will replace the nickel-hydrogen batteries as a new energy automotive mainstream. Globally, Japan is currently the international automotive and new energy research and application of battery power the most advanced countries, the current major Japanese car and battery car companies are to invest in lithium-ion power battery production line, concentrated in the 2010-2011 production. Fuji economic view, lithium-ion battery will begin in 2011 to replace the nickel-metal hydride batteries, lithium-ion battery technology as the mainstream of the next line of no doubt.
Today, Japan In addition to the focus shifted to lithium batteries, the Japanese in the new energy development and use of motor vehicles, particularly fuel cell vehicles in the development and promotion, far exceeded the rate expected in China. A few years ago the Japanese Economy, Trade and Industry on the development of fuel cell vehicles and to promote the development of a timetable of its strategic objectives are: By 2010, the Japanese used in fuel cell vehicles to reach 50,000; in 2020 to reach 5,000,000; 2030 years, universal access to fuel cell vehicles.
Ni-MH battery has become the focus of our policy support at this stage
China's Ministry of Public Works in letter dated June 25 release of "new energy automobile production enterprises and the rules governing market access for their products", according to new energy vehicles, systems and technical maturity of the key assembly, the state and industry standards, as well as improve the degree of industry different degree, to be divided between the initial period, development period, three different technologies mature stage, and give classified management.
In accordance with state regulations, only the initial phase of small-volume production of products laptop battery , dell batteries , and only in approved areas, the scope, duration and under the conditions of the model run, and all products for real-time monitoring of running status; development period to allow for mass production products only in approved areas, the scope, duration and conditions of the sale, use, and at least 20% of the sales of products for real-time monitoring of running status; stage products and products of conventional car "vehicle manufacturers and product announcement" management the same manner as in the sale and use of automotive products with the same routine.
This means that in China, December 31, 2010, equipped with lithium-ion battery hybrid and electric vehicles will be limited to the sale and use of the region, and the use of nickel-metal hydride battery hybrid and electric vehicles in the sale and use of the country.
Experts believe that the reason why countries are now the focus from the development of lithium batteries into nickel-metal hydride batteries, the main reason is that the nickel-metal hydride battery technology is more mature than the lithium batteries dell GK479 , dell FK890 , dell Inspiron 1520 , more abundant mineral resources, the future make it easier for new energy into the car commercial stage.
"Ni-MH - Lithium power - fuel cells," the path of industrialization
In the three commonly used in car batteries, lead-acid batteries as a result of serious environmental pollution, have long been out of the mainstream applications; nickel-metal hydride batteries, although the mainstream of current business, but the key indicators of laboratory data were lower than the lithium batteries, and theoretically There is no room for fundamental; lithium batteries HSTNN-LB31 , hp Pavilion dv2000 , hp Pavilion dv6000 despite the superior performance, but security can not be guaranteed, and the relatively high costs have also hindered their business.
Experts predict that new energy vehicles in the "Ni-MH - Lithium power - fuel cells," the path of the development of industrialization. From the development trend and speed, the short-term performance can be realized only nickel-hydrogen batteries, nickel metal hydride battery technology as the most mature, the next 3 years will remain the mainstream of new energy vehicles, followed by nickel-metal hydride battery technology and lithium iron phosphate , hydrogen fuel cell two-thirds of the world, 5 years and lithium batteries have been gradually replaced by fuel cells.hp laptop battery giant Panasonic and Sanyo also found that the lithium-ion power batteries can not be in 2 to 3 years to replace the nickel-hydrogen batteries, mainly due to lower nickel-hydrogen battery safety, has reached large-scale production. Lithium batteries also need to continue tackling issues such as security, so it still takes time to commercialize.
According to Fuji economic analysis, Ni-MH battery will be the mainstream in 2011 may be continued, but after 2011 will gradually be eroded lithium batteries nickel metal hydride battery market share, the agency estimated in 2009 Ni-MH rechargeable car battery with a global market size will grow 23.7 percent over the previous year, reaching ¥ 92,000,000,000, but the car in 2015 with Ni-MH rechargeable battery market size will be reduced to ¥ 55,000,000,000.
Market demand for nickel-hydrogen batteries 434674 001 , EX942AA , Pavilion dv9000rapid growth brought about by 2-3 years
Nickel-hydrogen battery technology and the industrial chain in the mature decision to be a certain period of time with its lithium-ion battery co-existence, lithium iron phosphate cathode material for lithium-ion battery makes the emergence of performance and cost advantages have been achieved, but the stability of mass production inadequate capacity and lack of practical testing of new energy sources are still some manufacturers discourage car; In contrast, the nickel-hydrogen battery has gone through many years of actual combat, technical and industrial chain are quite perfect, in a short period of time can be formed on the vehicle supporting the capacity of the stability and thus can still be a certain period of time in the new energy vehicle widely used.
According to industry estimates, nickel hydrogen battery market is still expected to get 2-3 years growth in the next 2-3 years, "10 City 1000" program, the progressive hybrid vehicle popularity, export factors such as the overseas market for nickel hydrogen battery market brought about by strong growth in demand, and when the nickel-metal hydride batteries and lithium batteries is still a time when can't be inextricably involved, nickel hydrogen batteries will also usher in a short period of rapid growth.
Among them, China has carried out "10 City 1000" project will bring the first batch of nickel-hydrogen battery market demand. It is estimated that in "10 City 1000" project will be about 3200-4000 units of new energy vehicles (including buses and passenger cars) made use of nickel-hydrogen batteries, bringing the total in three years is about 3.5-4.4 million kilowatt-hour nickel hydrogen battery needs.
Taken together, both domestic and export demand weakened, the post-2012 nickel hydrogen batteries will gradually be replaced by lithium batteries Toshiba PA3465U-1BRS , Toshiba PA3476U-1BRS , Toshiba PA3478U-1BRS .
Keep up the pace of R & D policy
In China's automotive battery production enterprises, with a nickel-hydrogen battery production capacity of the majority of enterprises, including Chunlan Group, Section power far in the torch high, Hunan Shenzhou, Kane shares, etc., which is Chunlan Group HEV Ni-MH a leader in battery technology, the market share leader in high-tech and Hunan Shenzhou torch also has a certain amount of technical base and market position.
As for Li-ion battery, most domestic manufacturers do not have the ability to mass production, but has been associated in the implementation of production planning, which is expected later in 2010 to volume production.
Experts believe that technological advances, China's vehicle prices and related businesses in addition to promote cell Ni-MH battery industry, the Government should look to more long-term investment of human and material resources to carry out research and development driving force for lithium batteries IBM FRU 92P1139 , IBM ThinkPad R6 and fuel cells to maintain technical follow-up for the occupation of a broader market of new energy to prepare.
Lithium-ion battery in 2-3 years, even though difficult to replace the nickel-hydrogen batteries, however, should not be overlooked is the future of lithium batteries will replace the nickel-hydrogen batteries as a new energy automotive mainstream. Globally, Japan is currently the international automotive and new energy research and application of battery power the most advanced countries, the current major Japanese car and battery car companies are to invest in lithium-ion power battery production line, concentrated in the 2010-2011 production. Fuji economic view, lithium-ion battery will begin in 2011 to replace the nickel-metal hydride batteries, lithium-ion battery technology as the mainstream of the next line of no doubt.
Today, Japan In addition to the focus shifted to lithium batteries, the Japanese in the new energy development and use of motor vehicles, particularly fuel cell vehicles in the development and promotion, far exceeded the rate expected in China. A few years ago the Japanese Economy, Trade and Industry on the development of fuel cell vehicles and to promote the development of a timetable of its strategic objectives are: By 2010, the Japanese used in fuel cell vehicles to reach 50,000; in 2020 to reach 5,000,000; 2030 years, universal access to fuel cell vehicles.
17Jul/090
Military applications due to power some of the larger energy-consuming equipment
Military applications due to power some of the larger energy-consuming equipment, and thus commonly used to link up the battery model to avoid excessive current. Serial battery charge and discharge with a single battery charge and discharge is different in different cell battery differences were not taken seriously if it will cause a lower efficiency in the use of batteries and reduce battery life; to consider the application of military equipment environment special requirements not currently on the market to meet these needs a comprehensive charge-discharge control equipment, which can be good here to design a new type of meeting these needs integrated battery charge-discharge control equipment.
1 System Overview
The integrated battery charge-discharge control equipment for the control of a single-chip core MC68HC908SR12 using FPGA-assisted control design. Main power circuit, constant current constant voltage charging control unit, the balance control unit discharge, the central control unit, FPGA auxiliary control unit, temperature detection circuit, such as man-machine interface circuit. Battery charge and discharge control equipment, primarily for military applications power some of the larger energy-consuming equipment is generally adopted in the case of battery-powered tandem design. Focus during the design process to consider the balance of characteristics of the battery to improve battery power supply in series the efficiency of the Group, extending its life. Figure 1 is a block diagram of the system.
2 Hardware Design
The following charge and discharge control of the equipment to carry out an overview of the hardware design process description.
2.1 Power circuit
The use of switching power supply as power supply equipment chargers. Switching Power Supply using Pulse Modulation PWM (Pulse Width Modulation) and the MOSFET, BTS, IGBT, such as the design of electronic devices. Switching power supply of a higher degree of integration with a voltage regulator, current limiting, thermal protection. Compared with the linear power supply wide input voltage range (typically up to the exchange of 85 ~ 265 V), small size, light weight, high efficiency. At the same time, its easy to FPGA-assisted control unit to control.
2.2 Charge Control Unit
Charging control unit of the more mature the current constant current constant voltage charging circuit to design completion. Figure 2 is a circuit schematic diagram. Constant-current constant-voltage circuit MC68HC908SR12 by Motorola's single-chip analog circuit chip-chip modules, and the MOSFET switch, Schottky diodes, filter inductors, filter capacitors and other components devices. Analog circuit module is Motorola's unique single-chip MC68HC908SR12 components, which importation of multi-way switch, two amplifiers can be controlled, on-chip temperature sensor, composed of current detection circuit. Programmable gain amplifier for a total of 1 ~ 256. Choose the input amplifier 2-channel analog input pin (ATD0, ATD1), chip temperature sensor, analog to enter (VSSAM). ATD0 and inter-VSSAM which can be accessed by a current-sense resistors, used to measure the external current, it is connected to the current detection circuit can be greater than a specified value in the current interruption and when the output signal.
In charge before the start of the pre-processing stage, according to detected characteristics of the different batteries, software, select the appropriate charging algorithm, and the charging algorithm from single-chip FPGA realization of supplementary control units. After the beginning of the charge, the software regularly collected on the sense resistor voltage R value, calculated, set the output SR12 single-chip control parameters. At the same time, real-time detection circuit current charge current, in the current laptop battery more than the specified value SR12 when interrupted by the timely turn-off single-chip microcomputer to control the charge current to achieve constant-current constant-voltage charge control.
Equalizing charge is the charge-discharge control equipment, an important feature. In charge of the process, as a result of the quality of the battery is not the same as the capacity of small, poor quality of the battery terminal voltage in the rechargeable battery into the same voltage will appear after the growth of cells and more than another, and if no measures are taken, they will be the voltage difference will increase, as well as a battery which will soon reach the required safety voltage, the charge will be forced to stop the process. At this point the high pressure should stop charging the IBM laptop battery , that is a balanced charge. This is conducive to the restoration of damaged cells within the unit, so that the process of charging a smooth manner.
2.3 Discharge Control Unit
Discharge Control Unit 2 main components, first, balance discharge flyback circuit, can achieve the balance of battery discharge. Balance between charge and discharge of the discharge control equipment, an important feature. In the discharge process, the individual differences as a result of the battery, if no measures are taken, the individual cells within the battery pack will become more and more obvious differences, this would reduce the efficiency of battery life reduced. Discharge back to the control unit used in relaxation-firing circuit design, the schematic diagram shown in Figure 3, the circuit itself has a terminal voltage of the inductance characteristics of each check (also called back to the relaxation of the circuit) can be achieved batteries battery discharge the balance of individual discharge. This is conducive to the restoration of damaged batteries IBM ThinkPad T60 , IBM ASM 92P1140 , IBM FRU 92P1137 in the unit, to improve the efficiency and battery life. Second, over-discharge protection circuit, the circuit of the battery pack can be achieved over-discharge protection. Figure 4 is the battery over-discharge protection circuit schematic diagram, when the terminal voltage detection circuit detects a voltage lower than the discharge voltage security settings, the protection circuit can be cut off the discharge circuit to achieve the protection of the battery.
2.4 Temperature detection circuit
In the charging process, Acer battery charge as the temperature increases the capacity, especially in the close to end-of-charge, the rate of temperature change △ T / △ t most, the property is to determine whether the battery is full, one of the main conditions. Therefore, the use of National Semiconductor Corporation produced the number of single-chip temperature sensor LM92 precision temperature detection circuit design. The circuit schematic diagram shown in Figure 5.
2.5 man-machine interface unit
(1) keyboard in response to the circuit
Circuit design of the keyboard to respond, use MC68HC908SR12 single-chip PORT D (PTD6 and PTD7) port of the keyboard interrupt (KBI). According to the actual situation MC68HC908SR12 keyboard MCU Interrupt Enable Register KBIER write the value of people, who write "1" that allow the disruption, write "0" that can not be interrupted. Interrupted to allow the keyboard port, MC68HC908SR12 single chip to its internal 30 kΩ pull-resistance, so that the design of the keyboard in response to the circuit is very simple, it should be noted that applications to increase the jitter elimination Subroutine keyboard to prevent misoperation. (2) the state of display circuit
Status display circuit MC68HC908SR12 single-chip design using PORT A (PTA0 ~ PTA5) port LED driver functions directly. Programming PORT A first set of working conditions, in the LED control register write LEDA corresponding value, write "1" that can directly drive LED, write "0" that as a standard I / O port. In the charge state of each stage shows, such as: the battery is in a state-of-charge, apple batteries temperature is too high to enter the state, such as temperature control.
2.6 Central Control Unit and the FPGA-assisted control unit
Central control unit and auxiliary control unit FPGA main charge and discharge control equipment, conversion of state control. According to the different sensors to obtain the status, write the different commands, different mode of conversion.
3 Software Design
Shell discharge control equipment software design thinking is: the realization of the various functional components of modular programming, software process using interrupted work. Its purpose is to enable the application process clear, readable, and easy to debug as well as the function of the maintenance and upgrade products. Mainly by the software initialization, pre-processing, control algorithms, charge-discharge four parts.
3.1 Initialization
In the initial stage of the procedure should be first initialized MC68HC908SR12 single-chip operation, including A1078 , Apple A1148 , PowerBook G4 15inch battery setting I / O port input / output status, phase-locked loop circuit PLL parameter settings, set the timer parameters, such as TIM.
3.2 Preprocessing
Pre-treatment stage is the integrated charge and discharge control equipment in front of the normal work of the preparatory phase. Initialization procedure, the first single-chip MC68HC908SR12 in accordance with the use of internal temperature sensors detect ambient temperature. When the ambient temperature is too low or too high and can not be carried out on the battery charge and discharge, or they will damage the battery. Then, set the A / D converter channel parameters and to detect the iBook G4 12-inch Series terminal voltage. Will be the experience of testing data with the theoretical value, as well as to determine the type of battery is connected correctly. On low voltage batteries, the use of short pulse of current rechargeable, so the battery will help to activate a chemical reaction within the material, part of the restoration of the damaged cell.
3.3 Charging and Discharging
In accordance with instructions given by the control unit for charging and discharging. Charge-discharge integrated circuit design in hardware devices to take into account the charge balance, the balance discharge protection and over-discharge, therefore, the software design is also given to the appropriate consideration.
3.4 Control Algorithm
Control algorithm to control the main MCU and FPGA-assisted MC68HC908SR12 control unit, write the appropriate command and control integrated equipment charge and discharge co-ordination of the module.
4 Conclusion
The integrated PowerBook G4 12 inch battery charge-discharge control equipment designed to take full account of the series when the battery charge and discharge the balance of effect can be applied to series battery charge and discharge control and battery pack in series to improve efficiency and prolong its service life; At the same time taking into account the charge-discharge control equipment integrated with the main power equipment for military use, in its design also takes full account of the military applications of the complexity and uniqueness, so that the battery charge and discharge control of dual-use equipment with a wide application prospect.
1 System Overview
The integrated battery charge-discharge control equipment for the control of a single-chip core MC68HC908SR12 using FPGA-assisted control design. Main power circuit, constant current constant voltage charging control unit, the balance control unit discharge, the central control unit, FPGA auxiliary control unit, temperature detection circuit, such as man-machine interface circuit. Battery charge and discharge control equipment, primarily for military applications power some of the larger energy-consuming equipment is generally adopted in the case of battery-powered tandem design. Focus during the design process to consider the balance of characteristics of the battery to improve battery power supply in series the efficiency of the Group, extending its life. Figure 1 is a block diagram of the system.
2 Hardware Design
The following charge and discharge control of the equipment to carry out an overview of the hardware design process description.
2.1 Power circuit
The use of switching power supply as power supply equipment chargers. Switching Power Supply using Pulse Modulation PWM (Pulse Width Modulation) and the MOSFET, BTS, IGBT, such as the design of electronic devices. Switching power supply of a higher degree of integration with a voltage regulator, current limiting, thermal protection. Compared with the linear power supply wide input voltage range (typically up to the exchange of 85 ~ 265 V), small size, light weight, high efficiency. At the same time, its easy to FPGA-assisted control unit to control.
2.2 Charge Control Unit
Charging control unit of the more mature the current constant current constant voltage charging circuit to design completion. Figure 2 is a circuit schematic diagram. Constant-current constant-voltage circuit MC68HC908SR12 by Motorola's single-chip analog circuit chip-chip modules, and the MOSFET switch, Schottky diodes, filter inductors, filter capacitors and other components devices. Analog circuit module is Motorola's unique single-chip MC68HC908SR12 components, which importation of multi-way switch, two amplifiers can be controlled, on-chip temperature sensor, composed of current detection circuit. Programmable gain amplifier for a total of 1 ~ 256. Choose the input amplifier 2-channel analog input pin (ATD0, ATD1), chip temperature sensor, analog to enter (VSSAM). ATD0 and inter-VSSAM which can be accessed by a current-sense resistors, used to measure the external current, it is connected to the current detection circuit can be greater than a specified value in the current interruption and when the output signal.
In charge before the start of the pre-processing stage, according to detected characteristics of the different batteries, software, select the appropriate charging algorithm, and the charging algorithm from single-chip FPGA realization of supplementary control units. After the beginning of the charge, the software regularly collected on the sense resistor voltage R value, calculated, set the output SR12 single-chip control parameters. At the same time, real-time detection circuit current charge current, in the current laptop battery more than the specified value SR12 when interrupted by the timely turn-off single-chip microcomputer to control the charge current to achieve constant-current constant-voltage charge control.
Equalizing charge is the charge-discharge control equipment, an important feature. In charge of the process, as a result of the quality of the battery is not the same as the capacity of small, poor quality of the battery terminal voltage in the rechargeable battery into the same voltage will appear after the growth of cells and more than another, and if no measures are taken, they will be the voltage difference will increase, as well as a battery which will soon reach the required safety voltage, the charge will be forced to stop the process. At this point the high pressure should stop charging the IBM laptop battery , that is a balanced charge. This is conducive to the restoration of damaged cells within the unit, so that the process of charging a smooth manner.
2.3 Discharge Control Unit
Discharge Control Unit 2 main components, first, balance discharge flyback circuit, can achieve the balance of battery discharge. Balance between charge and discharge of the discharge control equipment, an important feature. In the discharge process, the individual differences as a result of the battery, if no measures are taken, the individual cells within the battery pack will become more and more obvious differences, this would reduce the efficiency of battery life reduced. Discharge back to the control unit used in relaxation-firing circuit design, the schematic diagram shown in Figure 3, the circuit itself has a terminal voltage of the inductance characteristics of each check (also called back to the relaxation of the circuit) can be achieved batteries battery discharge the balance of individual discharge. This is conducive to the restoration of damaged batteries IBM ThinkPad T60 , IBM ASM 92P1140 , IBM FRU 92P1137 in the unit, to improve the efficiency and battery life. Second, over-discharge protection circuit, the circuit of the battery pack can be achieved over-discharge protection. Figure 4 is the battery over-discharge protection circuit schematic diagram, when the terminal voltage detection circuit detects a voltage lower than the discharge voltage security settings, the protection circuit can be cut off the discharge circuit to achieve the protection of the battery.
2.4 Temperature detection circuit
In the charging process, Acer battery charge as the temperature increases the capacity, especially in the close to end-of-charge, the rate of temperature change △ T / △ t most, the property is to determine whether the battery is full, one of the main conditions. Therefore, the use of National Semiconductor Corporation produced the number of single-chip temperature sensor LM92 precision temperature detection circuit design. The circuit schematic diagram shown in Figure 5.
2.5 man-machine interface unit
(1) keyboard in response to the circuit
Circuit design of the keyboard to respond, use MC68HC908SR12 single-chip PORT D (PTD6 and PTD7) port of the keyboard interrupt (KBI). According to the actual situation MC68HC908SR12 keyboard MCU Interrupt Enable Register KBIER write the value of people, who write "1" that allow the disruption, write "0" that can not be interrupted. Interrupted to allow the keyboard port, MC68HC908SR12 single chip to its internal 30 kΩ pull-resistance, so that the design of the keyboard in response to the circuit is very simple, it should be noted that applications to increase the jitter elimination Subroutine keyboard to prevent misoperation. (2) the state of display circuit
Status display circuit MC68HC908SR12 single-chip design using PORT A (PTA0 ~ PTA5) port LED driver functions directly. Programming PORT A first set of working conditions, in the LED control register write LEDA corresponding value, write "1" that can directly drive LED, write "0" that as a standard I / O port. In the charge state of each stage shows, such as: the battery is in a state-of-charge, apple batteries temperature is too high to enter the state, such as temperature control.
2.6 Central Control Unit and the FPGA-assisted control unit
Central control unit and auxiliary control unit FPGA main charge and discharge control equipment, conversion of state control. According to the different sensors to obtain the status, write the different commands, different mode of conversion.
3 Software Design
Shell discharge control equipment software design thinking is: the realization of the various functional components of modular programming, software process using interrupted work. Its purpose is to enable the application process clear, readable, and easy to debug as well as the function of the maintenance and upgrade products. Mainly by the software initialization, pre-processing, control algorithms, charge-discharge four parts.
3.1 Initialization
In the initial stage of the procedure should be first initialized MC68HC908SR12 single-chip operation, including A1078 , Apple A1148 , PowerBook G4 15inch battery setting I / O port input / output status, phase-locked loop circuit PLL parameter settings, set the timer parameters, such as TIM.
3.2 Preprocessing
Pre-treatment stage is the integrated charge and discharge control equipment in front of the normal work of the preparatory phase. Initialization procedure, the first single-chip MC68HC908SR12 in accordance with the use of internal temperature sensors detect ambient temperature. When the ambient temperature is too low or too high and can not be carried out on the battery charge and discharge, or they will damage the battery. Then, set the A / D converter channel parameters and to detect the iBook G4 12-inch Series terminal voltage. Will be the experience of testing data with the theoretical value, as well as to determine the type of battery is connected correctly. On low voltage batteries, the use of short pulse of current rechargeable, so the battery will help to activate a chemical reaction within the material, part of the restoration of the damaged cell.
3.3 Charging and Discharging
In accordance with instructions given by the control unit for charging and discharging. Charge-discharge integrated circuit design in hardware devices to take into account the charge balance, the balance discharge protection and over-discharge, therefore, the software design is also given to the appropriate consideration.
3.4 Control Algorithm
Control algorithm to control the main MCU and FPGA-assisted MC68HC908SR12 control unit, write the appropriate command and control integrated equipment charge and discharge co-ordination of the module.
4 Conclusion
The integrated PowerBook G4 12 inch battery charge-discharge control equipment designed to take full account of the series when the battery charge and discharge the balance of effect can be applied to series battery charge and discharge control and battery pack in series to improve efficiency and prolong its service life; At the same time taking into account the charge-discharge control equipment integrated with the main power equipment for military use, in its design also takes full account of the military applications of the complexity and uniqueness, so that the battery charge and discharge control of dual-use equipment with a wide application prospect.
17Jul/090
Discharge over the impact on battery performance
The article come from http://www.new-laptop-battery.com/newblog/2009/07/discharge-over-the-impact-on-battery-performance/
End of internal storage battery put the laptop battery voltage reaches a certain value, continue to discharge will result in over-discharge, usually under the discharge current to determine the discharge cut-off voltage.
0.2C-2C General Settings discharge 1.0V / support, 3C, such as 5C or above 10C discharge is set to 0.8V / sticks, battery cells could have been released have disastrous consequences, in particular over-current release, or have been repeatedly put a greater impact on the battery. In general, the Sony battery will discharge over hypertension is reversible negative electrode active material damage, even if only part of the resumption of charging capacity will be significantly attenuated.
0.2C-2C General Settings discharge 1.0V / support, 3C, such as 5C or above 10C discharge is set to 0.8V / sticks, battery cells could have been released have disastrous consequences, in particular over-current release, or have been repeatedly put a greater impact on the battery. In general, the Sony battery will discharge over hypertension is reversible negative electrode active material damage, even if only part of the resumption of charging capacity will be significantly attenuated.
17Jul/090
Shenzhou battery energy for China’s new automobile speed
The article come from http://www.batteryoffice.com/batteryblog/2009/07/shenzhou-battery-energy-for-chinas-new-automobile-speed/
A few days ago, the first own brand of domestic hybrid cars Chang'an Jie Xun automotive market, the driving force for the vehicle battery systems from Hunan Shenzhou Technology Co., Ltd. R & D and manufacturing.
Shenzhou technology is the first time set up, specializing in electric vehicle laptop battery research and development, manufacturing companies. Hunan Shenzhou loading Dongfeng power system hybrid electric city bus in Beijing is now wide safe driving conditions for more than 200,000 kilometers. In November 2008, "the east wind hybrid electric bus development" project was awarded first prize for scientific and technological progress of China automobile industry, the award is to encourage self-developed auto industry's highest awards. Shenzhou technology as the project only assume the dell Latitude D620 unit, battery power system made a major breakthrough in core technology. In addition, the dell XPS M1210 management system for the car key technology in 2008 by the National Scientific and Technological Progress Award, such as second-class awards. At present, the Shenzhou battery has been widely used in the Beijing Olympics bus, Chongqing Changan, Dongfeng, such as several types of electric vehicles.
Shenzhou technology is the first time set up, specializing in electric vehicle laptop battery research and development, manufacturing companies. Hunan Shenzhou loading Dongfeng power system hybrid electric city bus in Beijing is now wide safe driving conditions for more than 200,000 kilometers. In November 2008, "the east wind hybrid electric bus development" project was awarded first prize for scientific and technological progress of China automobile industry, the award is to encourage self-developed auto industry's highest awards. Shenzhou technology as the project only assume the dell Latitude D620 unit, battery power system made a major breakthrough in core technology. In addition, the dell XPS M1210 management system for the car key technology in 2008 by the National Scientific and Technological Progress Award, such as second-class awards. At present, the Shenzhou battery has been widely used in the Beijing Olympics bus, Chongqing Changan, Dongfeng, such as several types of electric vehicles.